Electric telegraphy.



PATENTBD MAY 22, 1906.

I. KITSEE. ELECTRIC TELEGRAPHY. APPLICATION FILED AUG. 26. 1905.

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fipecifieationof Letters Patent.

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Application filed August 26,1905. S rial No. 275,958.

To It whom it may concern:

Be it known that 1, lemon Krrsnn, of the city and county of Philadelphia and State of Pennsylvania, have invented certain new and useful Im rovements in Electric Telegraphy, of whic. the following is a specification.

My invention relates to animprovement in telegraphy,'and has more special reference to telegraphing over lines with comparative great capacity-such, for instance, as submarine or subterranean cables.

The peculiar conditions which are met with in the transmission of electricity through. long submarine lines render it nec essary to use in transmitting messages according to the method now in eneral use the so-called double key, where y impulses of onepolarity are transmitted to'denote a dot and impulses of a seconcl'polarity are transmitted to denote a dash. With the aid of this double key if the code to be transmitted consists alternately of dots and dashes the ideal clearing of the line would be reached.

In reality the code never consists of alter nating dots and dashes; but, on the contrary, in nearly every word or syllable two or more dots or two or more dashes are grou ed together, and impulses of one polarity ave to e transmitted in successionwithout an oportunity being given to clear the line.

his drawback; is readily realized by persons versed in the art; but no efiicientarrangementto overcome this difficulty has been practiced, and it is the aim of my invention to provide means whereby this disadvantage is overcome.

To clearly understand my invention, it is necessary to understand the action of condensers. The first of these facts is that if a condenser isconnected to a source of straight or unidirective current-such, for instance, as

a battery-a momentary impulse of electric energy will pass by inductive influence through the condenser, charging 'the same, bill? will cease as soon as this charging is com- P a a The usual test with a galvanometer, the

' needle of which will deviate from the zeropoint at the moment the circuit is closed, but will return after a very short period to its zero position, will prove the correctness of this assertion. Second, a condenser once charged has to be. first discharged before a second impulse of the same polarity willpass through same and through the line. Third,

the discharging-of a condenser through a resistance takes an appreciable time, and the greater the capacity of the condenser and the greater the resistance through which such discharge takes lace the lon er the time unit for such disc large. Fourth, to entirely clear a condenser from a charge of one polar ity it is best to send a charge ofopposite polarity through the same. Therefore to work over lines of great capacity-such, for instance, as a. submarine cable, which may be likened to a long-drawn-out condenser-it is best, as said above, to employ alternating impulses of opposite directions'or polarities. The ideal telegraphing over such cables would therefore be in the sending of im-. pulses always of the same duration and in-. tensity, but alternately of o posite olarities, over the line. Such metho would e adopted were it not for the reason that the Morse characters, Continental as well as American, consist of dots and dashes, and the impulses have to symbolizethe difference betweenthese two characters. The nearest approach thereto in cable telegraphy, as said above, is the emplo ent of the double key and the sending of dii impulse of one polarity to denote a dot and an impulse of'the opposite polarity to denote a dash; but the frequent recurring oftwo or more dots or two or more dashes in succession spoils the usefulness of this method. This necessitates the sending of two or more impulses of one polarity over the line in succession, which, as pointed out before, is a great drawback in telegraphy over cables' Referring now to the drawings, Figure 1 and Fig. 3'are diagrammatic views illustrating my inventiomand Fig. 2 is a perspective view of part of the well -l nown siphon-recorder.

L is the line of transmission, here shown in dotted lines. This line is connected on one sidewith the transmitting device comprising the condenser C, connected through wire .5 with the battery B. This battery is in electrical connection, through wire 4, with the resistance R, connected in turn through wire 3 with one pole of the battery B,'the other pole of which is connected, through wire 2, with the condenser O, grounded through wire 1 at G.- To wire 4 is connected wire 7 and to this wire t. .e lever A of a common transmittin 'key, To wire 2 is connected wire 6, an thereto thec'ontact-point a for said key. The transmitting device,

I ower stop f.

therefore, consists of the two sources of .current B and B, which, as illustrated in the drawings, are connected in opposition as to each other. The source B is here shown as to consist of four cells, and the source B as to consist of two cells. The transmitting device further consists of the two condensers C and C and the common transmitting-key A. At the other terminal-the line is connected to the receiving device, consisting of the polarized relay D, embracing the two electromagnets d and d, the polarized armature E, and the two adjustable stops e and e.- The stop 6 is preferably made of insulating material and the stops of conducting material. This relay is connected, throu h Wire 8, if required, with the interposition o necesessary other instruments, to the ground G. Preferably connected to this relay isthe translatin device-such, for instance, as the soun er F, provided with the armature f, held by the spring f a ainst the u per stop The armature f is a lso provide with the The coil of this device forms, through wire 9, battery B and resistance R, a local circuit normally closed. I provide this circuit for convenience with the switch. S.

One terminal of the resistance R is connected, through wire 10, with the stop 6 and theother terminal of said resistance through wire 11 with the armature E.

I designate the transmitting-station as an entirety by the letter X and the receiving station by the letter Z.

It is supposed that the device X is, connected to theline and the lever A of the key is out of contact with the stationary point al The shunt, therefore, consisting of wires 6 and 7, A and 0 around the battery B and the resistance R, is open, and as the battery B con sists of four cells and the battery B of only two' cells connected in opposition as to the four cells of B it is obvious that only one-half of the force of B is available, as the other half is neutralized by the two cells of B.

At the momentfof connecting the device X to the linev and ground, respectively, a current impulse will therefore charge the condensers equal to two cells, but flowing in the direction of the feathered arrow. This impulse is, as said above, only momentary, and the line after this impulse is passed will be free from electrical disturbance. At the receivin side the polarized relay D is connecte to the line and ground in a manner so that this impulse should send "the armature toward and in contact with the stop 9. As this stop is non-conducting and does not connect with any translating device, it is obvious that through this impulse none of the translating devices' will be actuated, and I call this impulse the clearing or spacing impulse. It is now supposed that the operator at the transmitting-station desires to transmit an impulse to the receiving-station Z, which impulse should be felt and recorded at said station. He presses the key-lever A till it comes in contact with the contact-point a. Through this connection a shunt is established around the source B. The current, therefore, of this source will not be able to oppose the flow of the current from B, and

the condensers C and C will now be charged in the direction opposite to the direction of the former impulse or in the direction of the unfeathered arrow. This impulse flowing over the line will move at the receiving-station Z the armature E of the device D from the stope to the contact 6, thereby establishing a shunt around the resistance R. The translating device F is, as was formerly stated, connected with the interposition of the resistance R to the battery B but the value of the resistance R is so high that the force of the battery B is not enough, as long as this resistance is in the circuit, to energize the core sufficiently for the purpose of actuating the armature f; but when through this impulse the armature E of the deviceD is made to come in contact with the stop e a shunt is established around the resistance R consisting of the wire 10, contact a, armature E, and wire 11. The force of the battery B is now great enough to sufiiciently energize the core and to make operative its armature The operator at this station will therefore know that the transmitting operator has transmitted one impulse over the line. Let us now suppose that the operator at X holds the lever of the key down for an indefinite period. No impulse will be made to flow through this extended pressure, for the reason that, as said above, the condensers C and C being charged they will prevent the flow of the current from B, but at the receiving-station the armature E will still rest at and connect with the contact 0. The resistance R will therefore be still short-circuited, and the force of the battery B will still energize the core of F, and the armature f will still be drawn downward and in contact with the stop f No matter, therefore, how long the pressure of A on point a continues, the electrical as well as mechanical conditions of the line will remain stationary; but at the moment the operator releases the key the shunt around the source B is opened, and as its force is double the force of the source B an impulse of opposite polarity, but of the same intensity as before, will charge the condensers C and C. v This impulse fiowing also over the line in,opposite direction will remove the armature E from the contact 6 and bring the same against the stoIp e. y

t may be stated that as the line is normally grounded at both the receiving and transmitting end it would seem that the condensers would be discharged as soon as they are charged, and therefore a continuous flow ICO ICS

1 ing over the line.

senses of current may result; but experiments have proven that in a long line or a line having a great resistance the earth connection does not discharge the condenser if the same is not directly laced to the ground or shunted with a very ow resistance.

I have established a long lineembracing a variable resistance. of from ten thousand ohms up to one hundred thousand ohms and connected the same in substantially the.

same manner as is illustrated in Fig. 1 with substantially the same devices. tery B consisted of four'dry cells and the battery B of two dry cells. The resistance R had a value of. about fifty ohms, and each of the condensers C and C had a capacity of one microfarad. The resistance of the coils of the relay D was about twelve thousand ohms. The connection to the ground was made on'one side through a water-pipe and on the other side through a large metallic plate. In this circuit was placed a sensitive g'alvanometer answering at one volt to three megohms. When the connections of the line were made, the needle deviated to the right, but 0111 momentarily, and then came again after a ew deflections to its zero position. When the ke was depressed, the neea few deflections to its zero position, thus showing that after .the first impulse the line was free from all electricener I The second test was as ollows: When through the force of the unshunted battery B the condensers C and C were charged and the armature E moved to the stop e, the armature was then by hand removed from c and placed in connection with contact 6 and the same remained as laced, proving that there was no appreciab e electric force flow- It will thus be seen that the closing of the key will send an impulse of electric energy over the line of the same duration and substantially title same intensity as the opening of the key b. t of opposite polarity and that the timethe key remains open or closed does not effect the electrical condition of the-line at all.

It is now necessary to explain how the transmitting operator differentiates between sending a dot anddash and how the receiving operator can distin ish between these two impulses when receiving the same. For the sake of illustration it is assumed that the op.- erator. desires to transmit the letter E, consisting, as is well known according to the American Morse, of one dot. The operator closes the shunt-circuit by pressing the lever The .bat'

station will connect with the stop 6, thereby making operative the device F. If this device is a common sounder,'then the armature will make the usual downstroke and in the usual unitof time the upstroke. The operator' versed in the Mo'rse' alphabet will readily recognize this impulse as one dot, or the letter Should the operator at X desire to transmit the letter I, consisting of. twodots, then he presses and releases the lever A twice incomparative quick succession. Translated at the re'ceivin -station it will result in two short downstro es, each followed in qiuick succession by an upstroke. It will rea ily be recognized by the receiving 0 erator as two dots or the letter I. ow should the operator desire to transmit the letter T, consisting of one dash, he presses the key as usual, but continues this pressure for a greater lengthof time.

It was stated above that through the closing of the key the armature E at the receiving-st'ation will be moved toward and in contact with e. This armature will remain at rest at e until the key is again opened, for the reason that thereis no power present to remove this armature from its resting-place,

and this power will not be exerted till the sending operator releases his key. The downward stroke of the armature of the device F will therefore not be succeeded by an the key for one unit of time, the dash is symbolized by the closing of the key for. nearly three units of time, the space between the elements of each letter is characterized by one unit, and the space between two letters is characterized by nearly three units, and the space between two words byabout five units.

The difference between the common Morse telegraphy and telegraphing according to my system lies essentially in the following articulars: With the ordinary land Morse t e operator sends a short impulse overthe line for a dot and a long impulse over theline fora dash.

, words, a dot is symbolized by. the closing of With my invention the operator sendsa short inductive impulse for a dot as well as'for the dash; but he differentiates these two characters--dot and dash-by simply preventing for a longer or shorter time the flow of an op posite impulse over the line, and as to remove the armature E from the contact c it requires this opposite impulse it is self-evident ters, letters, and words are signified by the shorter or longer time the operator-allows-the key to remain open, for as the opening or" the lrey will drive the armature Eatv thereceivin wil remain there until an opposite impulse passes the hne,and as this oppositeimpulse cannot pass the line before the closing of the hey it is obvious that the shorter or longer time that the operator allows key to be opened will result at the receiving-station in a shorter or longertime oi inoperativeness oi the receiving device, thereby signifying a space between letters, elements, or words, as t e case may be. common sounder may, as said above, be employed even in submarine telegraph as a receiver, and it is self-evident that sucn devices may easily be usedas a relay or repeater to automatically transmit the messages from one cable to another or from one cable to landlines, or vice versa.

1 in Fig. 3 I have illustrated the device F as performing such a function, and in this figure similar letters as in Fig. 1' are used to designate similar parts. "It has only to be borne the stops between which t in mind that the device F is part of one line and its accessories and operates a second line with its accessories. vice F operates a shunt similar to the shunt in Fig. 1 and consisting of the battery B, resistance R, and the wires 6 and 7 but instead of the lever A and the conductin point a, asin Fig. 1, the shunt is opened an closed by the operation of the armature f and the contacting of the same withthe stogsf or f n Fig. 2 l have illustrate art of the welllrnown siphon-recorder, whic may be actuated in accordance with my invention. 1 designate the same as an entirety by the. letter 1, the siphon proper bi the letter 76 and e siphon may vi- I l designate the shield by the letter 1 and rovide the same with the perforation 1. represents the paper tape whereon the characters received are adapted to be recorded.

The operation of a siphon-recorder is well und d and does not need to be repeated 1 purpose of the shield l is to prei r from being de osited on the past when the end 0 the si hon is di- 'ne perforation l. l ow as the ii in a manner so as to rest ncr one or the other of the stops or ii brate as h and h.

station toward the stop 6 this armature With this arrangement a In the drawings the desenses it is obvious that if an impulse sent over the 'line will move the siphon sa to the right then the end of the same wil come over the perforation and the ink vwill be deposited on the paper; but if the impulse sent over the line moves the siphon toward the sto h'th'en the end of same will not come direct y oppo site the perforation, and the depositing of the ink on the paper will prevented.

Having now described my invention, what I claim as new, and desire to secure by Letters Patent, is

l. A telegraph-line having two. unequal sources of electromotive force connected therein in opposition to each other, means comprising a single contact-hey connected to said line with respect to said sources of electromotive force to cause the transmission of an electrical impulse of one polarity to line when the contact of said key is closed and an impulse of an opposite polarity to line when said contact is o ened, and static means acting independent y of said key to automatically limit the duration of said impulses.

2; A telegraph-line having two unequal sources of electromotive force connected therein in opposition to each other, a shunt around one of said sources, means to vary the resistance of said shunt in the transmission of signals, and static means to automatic ally limit the duration of the signaling impulses which pass to line.

3. A telegraph-line having two unequal sources of electromotive force connected therein inopposition to each other, a shunt around one of said sources, means to vary the resistance of said shunt in the transmission of signals, and static means acting independently of the resistance-varying means to automatically limit the duration of the signaling impulses assing over the line.

4. A telegraph-line having two sources of unequal electromotive force connected thereinin opposition to each other, a single contact Morse key connected in the shunt around one of said sources, and a capacity connected in series between the terminals of said sources from which emanate impulses of the same olarit 5. A te egrapl i-line having two sources of unequal electromotive force connected therein in opposition to each other, a single contact Morse hey connected in shunt around one of said sources, a capacity connected in series between the terminals of said sources from which emanate impulses of the same polarit av polarized receiving-relay having its coi s connected in series with the main line, a" resistance connected in series with the tongue and one contact of said relay, a closed circuit connected in shunt around said resistance, and a translating device connected to be operated by current in said shunt, substantial y as described.

1 in telegraphy two sources of current IIO connected normally in series as to each other and the line with the interposition of a condenser or condensers, one source adapted to furnish the naling energy and the second adapted to fish the spacing energyanrl means to shunt one of said sources in accordance with the impulses to he transmitted "Z. A system oi telegraphy consisting of the line proper, a transmitting-station and a receiving-station connected to said line proper, the transmitting station embracing two sources of current, one of substantially douhle the strength of the other, the two sources connected in opposition as to each other, condenser or condensers interposed between said sources line and ground, a shunt around one of said sources and means to open and close said shunt in accordance with the characters to be transmitted, the receivingstation comprising a polarized relay and a translating device operatively connected to said relay.

8. In a system of telegraphy two sources of current, one of higher electrornotive force than the other, said sources oppositely con nected to each other, and means to shunt the source of higher electromoti've force, said shunt embracing a transmitting-key and a resistance.

9., A transmitting device in electric telegraphy embracing two sources of current connected in opposition as to each other, the electromotive force of one source greater than the electroinotive force of the second source, 'means' to shunt the source of greater electrornotive force and means to prevent the flow of current from any of said sources ex.- ceptfor a short impulse due to the change in one of said sources.

In testimony whereof I hereby sign my name, in the presence of two subscribing Witnesses, this 24th day of August, A. D. 1905.

ISIDOR KITSEE. Witnesses:

EDITH R. STILLEY, JAMES HOBENSAOK. 

